Clarifying Expressive and Receptive Communication

When we talk about communication, we usually break it down into two parts: receptive and expressive. Before we go deeper, it helps to understand the difference between language and communication, because they are not the same thing, yet they are strongly connected. Communication is how we share ideas, feelings, or needs with others. It can happen with or without language. Think of a baby crying to show they are hungry or someone pointing to an object they want; those are both forms of communication without language. Language is more specific and structured. It is a system of symbols (like words, signs, or written letters) that follows rules and grammar. Language helps us communicate complex thoughts, connect with others, and build knowledge. That same baby from the previous example may communicate more specifically with language as a toddler. They might then say, “I want to eat banana,” instead of crying or pointing. Therefore, when we mention “communication” on this page, it may or may not include language.

Receptive Communication

Receptive communication is how a child understands what others are saying, signing, showing, or writing. This is about truly understanding what others mean, not just receiving information.

For example:

• A baby might smile when they see a familiar object, like their bottle, or a familiar sign, such as “milk.”
• A preschooler might follow a simple direction like “Get your shoes.”
• An older child might understand a story that is read or signed to them.

Receptive communication can happen through listening, watching sign language, looking at pictures or symbols, or reading, depending on the way that works best for your child.

Expressive Communication

This is how a child shares their own thoughts, feelings, and needs with others. Other people can understand what your child means.

For example:

• A toddler might point to something they want or use a sign like “more.”
• A child might use spoken words, sign language, gestures, a picture board, or a speech-generating device to say how they feel or ask a question.

Expressive communication can happen in many ways—not just through talking. What matters most is that your child has a way to be understood by others.

What Might This Look Like for Deaf or Hard of Hearing Children?

Every child is different, and how they understand and express themselves may depend on several things—like when their hearing condition was identified, what communication methods are used at home, and support from professionals.

Some children might:

• Use sign language as their primary way to take in and express communication.
• Use spoken language with the help of hearing aids or cochlear implants to receive and deliver communication.
• Use a mix—like listening at home and signing at school.
• Use visual tools like gestures, pictures, or devices throughout the day.

It is also common for communication to grow over time. Some children might understand more than they can say (stronger receptive skills), while others may be eager to express themselves but still learning how to understand certain words or signs.

A Tip for Families

Watching how your child responds, what they understand, and how they try to communicate can give you helpful clues. Professionals like speech-language pathologists or teachers of the deaf can also assess these skills and help create a plan to support your child’s communication growth in both areas.